{"id":9980,"date":"2021-12-14T11:25:56","date_gmt":"2021-12-14T03:25:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/?page_id=9980"},"modified":"2026-01-29T10:19:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-29T02:19:47","slug":"built-environment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/","title":{"rendered":"Built Environment 4.0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-research\"><li id=\"menu-item-13844\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/\">Research Clusters<\/a>\n<ul>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-13848\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/\">Construction Robotics, Automation and AI<\/a>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14104\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/autonomous-bim-ready-drone-system-for-building-facades-inspection\/\">Autonomous BIM-ready Drone System for Building Facades Inspection<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14105\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/intelligent-lifting-frame-for-ppvc-and-precast-construction\/\">Intelligent Lifting Frame for PPVC and Precast Construction<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14106\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/lightweight-high-strength-steel-concrete-composite-modular-buildings-with-fast-track-connections\/\">Lightweight High-Strength Steel-Concrete Composite Modular Buildings with Fast Track Connections<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-13847\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ccm\/\">Climate Change Mitigation<\/a>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14111\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ccm\/bridging-scales-from-below\/\">Bridging Scales from Below: The Role of Heterogeneities in the Global Water and Carbon Budgets<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14108\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ccm\/increasing-occurrences-of-cyanobacterial-blooms-driven-by-climate-change-factors\/\">Increasing Occurrences of Cyanobacterial Blooms Driven by Climate Change Factors<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14107\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ccm\/carbon-capture-and-utilization\/\">Carbon Capture and Utilization<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14109\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ccm\/integrated-coastal-inland-flood-model-for-climate-change\/\">Integrated Coastal-Inland Flood Model for Climate Change<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14110\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ccm\/pathways-for-sustainable-and-climate-resilient-planning-of-water-energy-food-security-nexus\/\">Pathways for Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Planning of Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-13846\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/environmental-sustainability\/\">Environmental Sustainability<\/a>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14113\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/environmental-sustainability\/air-quality-and-health-a-paradigm-shift\/\">Air Quality and Health: A Paradigm Shift<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14114\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/environmental-sustainability\/surface-water-quality-and-emerging-contaminants\/\">Surface Water Quality and Emerging Contaminants<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14115\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/environmental-sustainability\/microbial-detoxification-of-persistent-organohalide-pollutants-pops\/\">Microbial detoxification of persistent organohalide pollutants (POPs)<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14116\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/environmental-sustainability\/nutrients-removal-in-waterbodies-via-sustainable-pathways\/\">Nutrients Removal in Waterbodies via Sustainable Pathways<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14117\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/environmental-sustainability\/centre-for-water-research-cwr-researchers-join-their-forces-with-u-of-t-researchers-for-microplastics-pollution-detection-and-control-in-water-and-wastewater\/\">Centre for Water Research (CWR) researchers join their forces with U of T researchers for microplastics pollution detection and control in water and wastewater<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-15116\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/environmental-sustainability\/dealing-with-hard-to-treat-industrial-wastewater\/\">Dealing with Hard-To-Treat Industrial Wastewater<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-16478\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/environmental-sustainability\/valorization-of-bioresources-towards-a-circular-economy\/\">Valorization of Bioresources &#8211; Towards a Circular Economy<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-13845\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ocean-infrastructure-and-renewables\/\">Ocean Infrastructure and Renewables<\/a>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14119\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ocean-infrastructure-and-renewables\/evaluation-of-in-situ-consolidation-of-dredged-and-excavated-materials-at-the-reclaimed-next-generation-tuas-port\/\">Evaluation of In-Situ Consolidation of Dredged and Excavated Materials at the Reclaimed Next Generation Tuas Port<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14120\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/ocean-infrastructure-and-renewables\/enhancing-offshore-system-productivity-integrity-and-survivability-in-extreme-environments-wp2-local-digital-twin\/\">Enhancing Offshore System Productivity, Integrity and Survivability in Extreme Environments &#8211; WP2: Local Digital Twin<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-13843\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/resilient-infrastructures\/\">Resilient Infrastructures<\/a>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14121\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/resilient-infrastructures\/digital-fabrication-of-concrete-for-sustainable-and-resilient-built-environment\/\">Digital Fabrication of Concrete for Sustainable and Resilient Built Environment<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14122\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/resilient-infrastructures\/upcycling-local-waste-for-sustainable-concreting-in-marine-conditions\/\">Upcycling Local Waste for Sustainable Concreting in Marine Conditions<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14123\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/resilient-infrastructures\/development-of-sustainable-self-healing-concrete-by-use-of-recycled-materials\/\">Development of Sustainable Self-Healing Concrete by Use of Recycled Materials<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14124\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/resilient-infrastructures\/low-carbon-construction-materials-incorporating-solid-waste\/\">Low-carbon Construction Materials Incorporating Solid Waste<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-13842\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/slc\/\">Smart and Liveable Cities<\/a>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14125\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/slc\/intelligent-traffic-diffusion-plan-generation-effective-assessment-and-dissemination-strategies\/\">Intelligent Traffic Diffusion Plan Generation, Effective Assessment and Dissemination Strategies<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14126\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/slc\/transforming-waste-into-resources-for-infrastructural-development\/\">Transforming Waste into Resources for Infrastructural Development<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14127\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/slc\/look-ahead-integrated-geophysical-investigation-system-igis-for-singapore-tunnels\/\">Look-Ahead Integrated Geophysical Investigation System (IGIS) for Singapore Tunnels<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-14128\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/slc\/next-generation-airport-pavements-with-full-scale-instrumented-testing\/\">Next-Generation Airport Pavements with Full-Scale Instrumented Testing<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-13849\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-centres\/\">Research Centres<\/a>\n<ul>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14131\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-centres\/centre-for-advanced-materials-and-structures\/\">Centre for Advanced Materials and Structures (CAMS)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14132\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-centres\/centre-for-hazard-research\/\">Centre for Hazards Research (CHR)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14130\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-centres\/centre-for-soft-ground-engineering\/\">Centre for Resilient Underground Infrastructure and Engineering (CRUISE)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14129\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-centres\/centre-for-transportation-research\/\">Centre for Transportation Research (CTR)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-16745\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/cwr\/\">Centre for Water Research (CWR)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-17882\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-centres\/cr2\/\">Centre for Resource Circularity and Resilience (CR)2<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-18235\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-centres\/core\/\">Centre for Offshore Research and Engineering (CORE)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-18499\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-centres\/cer\/\">Centre for Environmental Resilience (CES)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-13852\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/laboratories\/\">Laboratories<\/a>\n<ul>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-13851\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/laboratories\/structural-engineering-laboratory\/\">Structural Engineering Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14137\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/laboratories\/itvs-laboratory\/\">ITVS Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14136\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/laboratories\/hydraulic-engineering-laboratory\/\">Hydraulics and Coastal Resilience Lab (HCR Lab)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14135\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/laboratories\/highway-engineering-laboratory\/\">Highway Engineering Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14134\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/laboratories\/geotechnical-engineering-laboratory\/\">Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-14133\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/laboratories\/environmental-engineering-laboratory\/\">Environmental Engineering Laboratory<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-13854\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/graduate\/graduate-research\/safety-health-committee\/\">Safety &amp; Health Committee<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-13855\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/graduate\/graduate-research\/completed-research-projects\/\">Completed Research Projects<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-13856\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/research-brief\/\">Research Brief<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-13857\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/research\/achievements-in-the-media\/\">Achievements (in the media)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\n\t<h2>\n\t\tConstruction Robotics, Automation and AI\n\t<\/h2>\n\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/12\/shutterstock_1099879676-1024x683.png\" alt=\"Built Environment - Main image\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The digital age has propelled the construction industry towards its digital revolution. This revolution is needed to overcome the project inefficiencies, stagnated productivity levels and safety concerns that have long troubled the industry. The transformation will require new lean processes that would harness these new technologies and the power of information to improve collaboration, productivity and safety. The Integrated Digital Delivery (IDD) is envisaged for this transformation that integrates processes and stakeholders throughout the project value chain from design to asset management through a common data environment and the exploitation of digital technologies.<\/p>\n<p>This cluster has focused on 3 main thrusts:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Adoption of digital technologies to enhance and automate construction processes;<\/li>\n<li>Exploitation of machine intelligence to augment decision making and automation; and<\/li>\n<li>Development of smart materials.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Past research has focused on five aspects of the project value chain:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Intelligent Design with BIM, such as BIM-based Design for Safety checker;<\/li>\n<li>Digital Construction Planning,g including BIM-based automatic scheduling;<\/li>\n<li>Lean Virtual Construction, such as BIM-based optimized DfMA production;<\/li>\n<li>Smart Project Control, including autonomous drone in GPS-denied environment; and<\/li>\n<li>Data-driven Facility Managementt such as drone vision-based defect management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Director<\/u>: <\/strong><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/liew-jat-yuen-richard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof Liew Jat Yuen Richard<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Co-Director<\/u>: <a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/staff\/yeoh-ker-wei-justin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A\/Prof Yeoh Ker-Wei, Justin<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\n\t\tRESEARCH FOCUS\n\t<\/h3>\n\t<p><strong>Enhance productivity with digital technology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>BIM, DfMA, computational modelling, advanced design software &amp; modelling; Use of IoT, AI, ML, DL, and robotics in construction; Use of Digital technologies such as 3D Scanning, AR, VR to enhance design and construction process; Use of AI and ML to enhance work productivity<\/p>\n<p><strong>Smart materials and AI technologies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Smart structural health monitoring, sensing and prediction; Sensing environmental hazards &amp; trends<\/p>\n<h3>\n\t\tHIGHLIGHTS\n\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/lightweight-high-strength-steel-concrete-composite-modular-buildings-with-fast-track-connections\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/12\/Autonomous-BIM-ready-Drone-System-Fig-1.jpg\" alt=\"Autonomous Bim Ready Drone System Fig 1\" title=\"Autonomous Bim Ready Drone System Fig 1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n<h2>\n\t\t<a href=\"\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/lightweight-high-strength-steel-concrete-composite-modular-buildings-with-fast-track-connections\/\" title=\"Autonomous BIM-ready Drone System for Building Facades Inspection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\tAutonomous BIM-ready Drone System for Building Facades Inspection\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/lightweight-high-strength-steel-concrete-composite-modular-buildings-with-fast-track-connections\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/12\/Lifting-Frame-Fig1.jpg\" alt=\"Lifting Frame Fig1\" title=\"Lifting Frame Fig1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n<h2>\n\t\t<a href=\"\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/lightweight-high-strength-steel-concrete-composite-modular-buildings-with-fast-track-connections\/\" title=\"Intelligent Lifting Frame for PPVC and Precast Construction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\tIntelligent Lifting Frame for PPVC and Precast Construction\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/lightweight-high-strength-steel-concrete-composite-modular-buildings-with-fast-track-connections\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/12\/Lightweight-High-Strength-Steel-Concrete-Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Lightweight High Strength Steel Concrete Composite\" title=\"Lightweight High Strength Steel Concrete Composite\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n<h2>\n\t\t<a href=\"\/cee\/research\/research-clusters\/built-environment\/lightweight-high-strength-steel-concrete-composite-modular-buildings-with-fast-track-connections\/\" title=\"Lightweight High-Strength Steel-Concrete Composite Modular Buildings with Fast Track Connections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\tLightweight High-Strength Steel-Concrete Composite Modular Buildings with Fast Track Connections\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/h2>\n<h3>\n\t\tPEOPLE\n\t<\/h3>\n\t<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>TITLE\u00a0<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Drone Inspection System for Building Fa\u00e7ade<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/staff\/chua-kim-huat-david\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof Chua Kim Huat, David<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Intelligent Lifting Frame for PPVC and Precast Construction Phase 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Digital Fabrication of Concrete for Sustainable and Resilient Built Environment<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/staff\/du-hongjian\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr Du Hongjian<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Structural BIM Compliance System (SBCS)<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/staff\/yeoh-ker-wei-justin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A\/Prof Yeoh Ker-Wei, Justin<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fast Track Volumetric Construction based on Composite Design using Lightweight High-Performance Materials<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cde.nus.edu.sg\/cee\/staff\/liew-jat-yuen-richard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof Liew Jat Yuen Richard<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\n\t\tONGOING PROJECTS\n\t<\/h3>\n\t<ul>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/chua-kim-huat-david\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof Chua Kim Huat, David (Director)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/pang-sze-dai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A\/Prof Pang Sze Dai (Co-Director)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/christine-a-shoemaker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Distinguished Prof Christine A. Shoemaker<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/liew-jat-yuen-richard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof Liew Jat Yuen Richard<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/chan-weng-tat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adjunct A\/Prof Chan Weng Tat<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/ong-ghim-ping-raymond\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A\/Prof Ong Ghim Ping, Raymond<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/chew-soon-hoe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr Chew Soon Hoe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/du-hongjian\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr Du Hongjian<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/kuang-sze-chiang-kevin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr Kuang Sze Chiang, Kevin<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/li-yunyue-elita\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adjunct Dr Li Yunyue, Elita<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/cee\/staff\/yeoh-ker-wei-justin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A\/Prof Yeoh Ker-Wei, Justin<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Clusters Construction Robotics, Automation and AI Autonomous BIM-ready Drone System for Building Facades Inspection Intelligent Lifting Frame for PPVC and Precast Construction Lightweight High-Strength Steel-Concrete Composite Modular Buildings with Fast Track Connections Climate Change Mitigation Bridging Scales from Below: The Role of Heterogeneities in the Global Water and Carbon Budgets Increasing Occurrences of Cyanobacterial [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":54,"featured_media":0,"parent":9,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9980","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.7 - 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