4D printing combines smart materials with 3D printing to create structures that dynamically respond to stimuli over time. While hydrogels have shown promise for use in moisture-responsive 4D printing applications, their integration with 3D printing remains largely unexplored.

To bridge this gap, this research project seeks to develop a novel porogen-based hydrogel formulation that combines fast swelling properties with 3D printability, creating potential breakthroughs in applications demanding rapid shape adaptations.